Mr. Sun

Module Code: PM002 Class/Group: Group C Module Title: Research Design and Critique Assessment: Full Research Proposal Assignment Title: An investigation into the factors that influence the Glaswegian public’s choice of car. Student ID Number: 2059626 Date of Submission: November 29th, 2012 An investigation into the factors that influence the Glaswegian public’s choice of car. Rationale The number of automobiles had risen to over 1 billion vehicles all the world in 2010, which is 20 times more than this number in 1986(Sousanis, John,2011).Car plays a indispensable role in today's society, according to a survey from World Bank(2011), the number of ownership of motor vehicles per 1,000 people is more than 500 in most of developing countries, especially for Monaco, the number was 908(World Bank Data,2009). Although cars have become more and more commonplace, but the cars are still expensive commodity, also there is no doubt that the final decisions are usually made after ca reful consideration when people purchasing a car(Kathuria, Singla,2012). At the same time, as the vehicle types supplied to be chosen by consumers have become more and more various.When consumer facing with abundant of choices, they become more and more confused and irresolute. With the segmentation of automobile market, the factors that affect the public' car choices are more and more diversified. According to Couton et al. (2006), various studies have applied hedonic price modeling to show that price variation among new cars can be explained by differences in key product characteristics such as horsepower, engine capacity, speed, and safety features. However, these measurable variables may not be the main explanatory factors which will influence the choice of consumers.Based on the above mentioned content, this research will focus on the decisive factors which will impact the public's final choice of car, especially in the Glasgow area due to investigations and studies in the fiel d will be carried out and conducted in this city. Its results would probably benefit to car dealers and consumers. Especially for car manufacturers, they can according to consumer preferences to redesign and improve vehicles to gain better market performance. 1. What are the choices the public have when buying a car? 2. What are the main factors influencing public’s choices? . What variables affect these factors? Annotate Bibliography Banerjee,S. (2010) ,Study on Consumer Buying Behavior During Purchase of a Second Car , Journal of Marketing & Communication ,6 (2),4-13. This essay describes that for different types of automobiles, the main factors affect consumer’s purchase is slightly different in choosing a particular brand is always based on the different set of consumers towards various preference parameter. For different market segments of vehicle, dimensions are different. A successful car brand has had to accept and adopt these dimensions.In addition, the author also pointed out that there are many common factors influence the public's choice between consumers to buying a second car and purchasing the first one, but there are some obvious differences between them. For example, functional level factor such as car efficacy and usefulness are main concerns for second car buyers. Moreover, this article also mentioned that a high level of investment in advertising and promotional activities may not be able to guarantee a high percentage of repeat purchase. However, a long-term stable customer relationship will probably increase the probability of second time purchase.This journal is effectively to analysis interrelationship between consumer’s first car and second car, and common facts which seem to influence the public’s purchase behavior. The survey uses a probability sampling approach conducted with the passenger car owners in India with 525 samples. However, in this article, the author does not mention the relationship and impo rtance between satisfaction of customers on the second-hand value of the first car and loyalty for choosing the second-hand car, because a high level of satisfaction, may bring referral and repeat purchase.Randol E. Bucklin, S. Siddarth, Jorge M. Silva-Risso,(2008), â€Å"Distribution Intensity and New Car Choice†,JOURNAL OF MARKETING RESEARCH, Vol. XLV, 473-496. This journal demonstrate that the relationship between 4S shops distribution intensity of cars and brand new car buyers’ choices in the U. S. automobile market. Different from price, effect of advertising, promotional activities and other factors, distribution intensity changes relatively slow, but the distribution intensity will be affected some variables, thereby might affect decisions of consumers buying cars.Additionally, this article used information on the U. S car sales transactions gave by the Power Information Network, which included the accurate geographic locations of consumers and dealers. Non-prob ability sampling method was used in 55 4S shops as a samples. Dealer accessibility, dealer concentration and dealer spread would determine distribution intensity and then will largely affect the choice of the people for the car brands.This journal is relevant to the topic of this research, firstly it provides information about what factors will influence the public’s choice of car, secondly it shows how the three main variables influence the distribution intensity of each brand, so that influence the public’s choice of car. However, this study focuses on only the distribution intensity about car dealers, makes no attempt to differentiate between various different types of car, and the conclusion might not suitable for the niche car brands. Beside this, the author might overlook the fact that distribution intensity ontributes to high-end car brands. Dharmaraj,C. , Clement,S. J. ,(2010). Brand Preference Factors of Passenger Cars: An Empirical Assessment, Indiana Univers ity Press, The IUP Journal of Brand Management, 7(3),19-33. This article mainly analyzes the factors which will influence consumer's automotive brand preference. According to the author's study, performance of passenger cars are considered as the most important factor which might dominate consumer's preference, especially for male consumers, but economic abilities are the bases of the preference.In addition, the marketing communication strategy of a car will also largely affect the overall decisions of consumers. In conclusion, the comprehensive strength of a car, such as safety factor, industrial design, stability, scientific and technological content, durability, daily use cost, re-sale value , fuel consumption, comforts and so on, each of them is factor influence people ‘s preference and choice of car. This study is highly relevant to the topic of this research and demonstrates most of factors that will influent consumer purchase preference comprehensively and systematicall y.Although this survey collected data using questionnaires from 712 car buyers/owners by simple random sampling, there is not any variables about the respondents are addressed. In addition, the author offers no explanation for the distinction between Indian car market and developed countries’ market, the simple random sampling method was conducted in a midsize Indian city. Therefore, it is slightly possible that the survey result might not apply for city of Glasgow. Baltas,G. , Saridakis,G. 2009),†Brand-name effects, segment differences, and product characteristics: an integrated model of the car market†, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(2), 143 –-151. This article discusses that price of car is a main factor influence the public’s choice, and the price structure of new car market is determined by automobile characteristics, brand effects, and segment differences. A hedonic price experimental model is designed and implemented that includes b rand-name heterogeneity and functional characteristics.In addition, another extensive dataset model is applied to support the brand effects and hypotheses of segment differences. According to these two models, in mainstream car market, the functional characteristics determines automobile prices largely , however in high-end car market, incremental value is added to a car because its brand value , so the connotation of the brand value decide the price of prestige brands cars in large extent. The findings of this article include relevant information to this research. Firstly, it is a great probability that price of car is one of key facts which influence the public’s choice.This article demonstrates that there are at least three reasons determine the structure of automobile prices, and analyzes the variables and decisive factors of prices in mainstream segments and high-end segments respectively. However, the research focuses on many of the variables affecting the price of car and does not take into account other factors such as the industrial design of a car and the impact of marketing strategies. At the same time, mentioned in the text, the implicit brand value will affect car prices, thereby affecting consumer’s choice, but it is possible that the brand price is difficult to be quantified accurately.Kathuria,L. M. , Singla,V. ,(2012) Purchase of Pre-Owned Small Cars in India: An Exploratory Study, The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, 11(2),63-75. This study highlights that the main factors impacting the buying choice of second hand small vehicle were purchasing power constraint, high cost-effective, improve driving skills, desire for car , high resale price, good quality of after-sales service, brand public praise and easy to maintenance. Additionally, families who want to buy new four-wheelers to replace old two-wheelers should be seen as a new market segment might be targeted for selling cars.This article contributes to understand differen t and similar factors between people buying a new small car and pre-owned car. Nevertheless, the article was just focus on small vehicle with a specification requirements of length? 4 meters and with an engine displacement? 1,500 cubic centimeters (cc) for diesel and petrol, therefore, the universality of the research results might have certain limitations. Methodology As can be seen from previous studies and related sources, the factors affecting people's choice can be divided into two parts to analysis respectively.The one part is factors that influence people to buy a new car and the other is factors that influence people to choose a used car. Moreover, the new car dealers and used car markets are also often separated. Therefore, an explanatory study to illustrate the relationship between the consumer preferences and purchase factors by using a quantitative method is essential. In addition , the relationship between these two parts, as well as the positive and negative effects of factors of two parts would be explored with exploratory study concluded by a qualitative method.In modern societies, the number of car owners is very numerous, so within a short period of time to collect the data information from a large population base which is very important and not very easy. Although a case study strategy could be used to explore a contemporary phenomenon in its real life context, but it may take more time and lack breadth which makes it hard to generalize results (Saunders et al. 2009: 141-154). Beside this, survey data usually comes from standardizing academic investigating behaviors and tools, so that might make results more authoritative and reliable.Therefore, survey is a suitable research strategy for this research. According to Bryman (2012) points out that â€Å"quantitative research may sometimes be untrusted because the data can be artificial and spurious†. Because of there is a very numerous number of car owners, so a non-probability sampling would be used in this research. As here are almost 700,000 people who lived in the city of Glasgow, that means the sample size might bigger, a questionnaire is a data collection technique in which each person responds to the same set of questions, so questionnaire is more suitable for this research.Although the non-standardised interviews as a method is good for demonstrating the reasons for the decisions and attitudes of research participants (Saunders et al. 2009, 361), it would take too much time, also human and material resources. Ethic issues are defined as a situation or problem that needs people or organization to make a choice between options that must be evaluated as wrong (unethical) or right (ethical)(Business Dictionary,2012).According to the British Sociological Association(2004:2), the social research projects are designed and conducted, ethical issues are necessary to be taken into consideration. In this research, the non-maleficence which contains physical and indire ct harm is the cornerstone of all the ethical issues in the research (Saunders, el at. 2007: 181). In addition, the violation personal privacy and the protection of confidentiality may be the potential ethical issues.Maximum extent to avoid the occurrence of these ethical concerns, before the implementation of the access section of research, questionnaire participants will be informed: firstly,the purpose of this research, their participation is valuable, the results of the research may contribute to R & D and sales of new cars so that they can have a more suitable vehicle and a better car user experience; Secondly, respondents participate in this research follow the principles of voluntary and informed consent, whenever and wherever they can withdraw(Saunders et al, 2009:193); Thirdly, participants do not have to worry about their personal information will be faced with rick of leakage, because the questionnaire are anonymous.In addition, as car is a expensive commodity, questions on questionnaire about personal income and household economic situation of participants should be avoided, so as not to violate their privacy. Beside this, most of purchase of cars are family behavior, taking into account the special circumstances of some families, such as divorce, therefore the marriage status should avoid being asked, so as not to cause discomfort of participants. As Golafshani(2003:598) points out that the reliability is to ensure the consistency of research data collection and analysis. The risk of collecting data may do harmful to research reliability mainly relies on participants.According to Bell(2010:151), participants may finish the questionnaires inaccurately because of many reasons such as bad mood or time limited. If the participants are too excited or in a hurry, there is a small possibility that they fill the questionnaire patiently that would result in the data lacking of reliability, thereby affecting the consistency of collecting data. To solve this problem, use of internet-mediated questionnaires may be more effective, because of the respondents could complete the online questionnaire whenever and wherever they would like. The length of the questionnaire and the use of professional vocabulary may also are potential factors which may influence the research reliability.Advice from Bellk(2006:325), questionnaire is designed no more than two pages may contribute to increasing the quality and completeness. In addition, there are many specialized vocabulary in automotive sector, such as turbocharged and dual-rotor engine, that would confused participants. Therefore, common and usual words should be used as far as possible. According to cook and campbell(1979), the validity is defined as â€Å"best available approximation to the truth or falsity of a given inference, proposition or conclusion†. Firstly, The non-probability sampling will be applied in this research, due to the characteristics of this method, the non-probabilit y sampling will cause a certain threat to validity.Moreover, in the process of collecting data, there is possibility that the instrumentation may change so that influencing the results of this research. Word Count: 2278. References: Andersson, H. (2005), â€Å"The value of safety as revealed in the Swedish car market: an application of the hedonic pricing approach†, The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 211-39. Baltas,G. , Saridakis,C. (2009), Brand-name effects, segment differences, and product characteristics: an integrated model of the car market, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(2),pp. 143 –-151. Belk,R. (2006), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods. Northampton: Edward Elgar. pp. 322. Bell, J. (2010).Doing your research project, 5th edition. Berkshire: Open University Press. pp. 148-152. British Sociological Association,(2004), Statement of Ethical Practice for the Sociological Association. pp. 2-7. Bryman,A. , (2012). Social Research Method, Fourth Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Business Dictionary, Ethical Issue, Retrieved 21 November 2012 from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/ethical-issue. html Couton,C. , Gardes,F. And Thepaut,Y. (1996),Hedonic prices for environmental and safety characteristics and the Akerlof effect in the French car market. Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 3, pp. 435-40. Dharmaraj,C. , Sudhahar, C. J. ,(2010).Brand Preference Factors of Passenger Cars: An Empirical Assessment, Indiana University Press, The IUP Journal of Brand Management, 7(3),pp. 19-33. Golafshani,H. (2003),Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research,The Qualitative Report, 8(4). PP. 597-607. http://www. nova. edu/ssss/QR/QR8-4/golafshani. pdf Kathuria,L. M. , Singla,V. ,(2012) Purchase of Pre-Owned Small Cars in India: An Exploratory Study, The IUP Journal of Marketing Management. 11(2). pp. 63-75. Reis, H. J. , Silva,S. ,and J. M. C. (2006), Hedonic price indices for new passe nger cars in Portugal (1997-2001), Economic Modelling, Vol. 23, pp. 890-908. Randol,E. , Bucklin,S. , and Siddarth, Jorge M.Silva-Risso,(2008), Distribution Intensity and New Car Choice, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 45(3), pp. 473-496. Saunders,M. , Lewis,P. , and Thornhill,A. (2009), Research Methods for Business Students. Fifth Edition. Essex: Prentice Hall. Sousanis, and John,(2011), World Vehicle Population Tops 1 Billion Units, Wards Auto. Retrieved 17 Nov. 2012,From http://wardsauto. com/ar/world_vehicle_population_110815 Banerjee, S. (2010) ,â€Å"Study on Consumer Buying Behavior During Purchase of a Second Car† , Journal of Marketing & Communication ,6 (2),pp. 4-13. White, R. (2004), How people buy cars, Admap, February, pp. 15-17. White, R. (2006), Advertising cars, Admap, July/August, pp. 14-15.

New Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting Essay

The New Heritage Doll Company’s Vice-President of Production, Emily Harris, had to decide which of two proposals she should approve for the company’s upcoming capital budgeting meetings. The first project involved expanding an existing â€Å"Match My Doll Clothing† line, which had a proven record of success in the past. The second project introduced a new initiative called â€Å"Design Your Own Doll†, which used a web-based software enabling users to customize a doll’s features to the customers’ specifications. To help Emily reach her decision, I will calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of both projects to find out which project is more profitable. In the financial analysis of both projects Emily was given the following assumptions: 1. Operating projections were used to develop cash flow forecasts and then to calculate Net Present Value, Internal Rates of Return, payback period and other investment metrics. The cash flows excluded all financing charges and non-cash items (i.e. depreciation), and were calculated on an after-corporate-tax basis. The New Heritage’s corporate tax rate was 40% 2. Discount rate was set at 8.4% – for medium-risk project 3. NPV calculations included a terminal value computed as the value of a perpetuity growing at constant rate. I computed Free Cash Flows (FCF) to find out the actual amount of cash from operations that the company could use in developing its new projects. I calculated the terminal value for 2020 as projected FCF in the first year beyond the projection horizon divided by discount rate of 8.4% less the perpetuity growth rate, which in this case was 3%. According to my calculations the MMDM’s terminal value in 2020 is 16,346,000 and DYOD’s is 27,486,000.

Charge of the Light Brigade Analysis Essay Example for Free

Charge of the Light Brigade Analysis Essay Charge of the Light Brigade Mini-analysis The poem, Charge of the Light Brigade, has quite a complex rhyming scheme which can make the poem difficult to understand at first. I think that he may have designed it this way to instil a feeling of victory and valour at the end of the poem. I would argue that this, along with other literary techniques, shows that Tennyson was successful in glorifying the Charge of the Light Brigade in his poem. As I mentioned before, the rhyming scheme is an integral part of the poem. The rhyming varies for each stanza, which at first seems like a large fault of the poem. The length of each stanza lengthens as the poem goes on, perhaps trying to simulate how the battle escalated. This pattern continues on until the last stanza where the number of lines is significantly reduced. This indicates the resolution of the poem. For the first verse, Tennyson utilizes an ABA pattern for the first half. â€Å"Half a league, half a league, half a league onward. † A large part of the poem is the repetition. This repetition of certain phrases creates a rhythm not unlike the galloping of horse’s hooves on the ground. This creates a feeling of verisimilitude and provides an authentic experience for the reader. The repeated phrase, â€Å"Cannon to the right of them/Cannon to the left of them/Cannon in front of them. † suggests that they were surrounded by enemies on all sides. The sentence also suggests the large imbalance of numbers on the British side compared to the Russians. This emphasises the victory at the end of the poem. While Tennyson tried hard to glorify the Charge of the Light Brigade, he also attempted to express the large amount of casualties as well. Tennyson utilized metaphor and allusion to acknowledge the amount of death on the field without being overly graphic in his description. He used the phrase, â€Å"Into the jaws of Death/Into the mouth of Hell† repeatedly to further his point. In my opinion, Tennyson accurately portrayed and glorified the Charge of the Light Brigade in his poem, using a variety of literary techniques. Charge of the Light Brigade Analysis. (2018, Oct 13).

Chinese Property Market Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chinese Property Market - Research Proposal Example The conclusion from the findings could then be a good decision point for economic operators to invest in the appropriate property market. Primary and secondary data related to the demand for and supply of property. This would involve reading publications by state agencies and private property dealers, as well as interviews. On the whole, two periods would be taken into consideration for comparative studies. This would cover the period from 1990 to the year 2000, and from the year 2000 to the present day of China's glaring economic boom. The background to the theoretical study would examine the broad characteristics of globalisation and economic growth. Then particular emphasis would be paid to the characteristics that relate to population growth and an increase in business investment needs. The points to be substantiated here would be theories that link population growth and the demand for residential property, as well as theories that link business investment growth needs and the demand for commercial property. The second theoretical base would examine traditional factors that influenced the demand for and the supply of both residential and commercial property in China. Then related literature would be viewed on the modern day factors fuelling the growth demand for and the supply for property. Chapter one ca... n growth and the demand for residential property, as well as theories that link business investment growth needs and the demand for commercial property. The second theoretical base would examine traditional factors that influenced the demand for and the supply of both residential and commercial property in China. Then related literature would be viewed on the modern day factors fuelling the growth demand for and the supply for property. Initial Reading List Bloch, B., (1996) Volatility in the residential housing market: an international perspective. Journal of Property Management, Vol.15 (1), pp.12-24 Lizieri, C., (1991) The Property Market in a Changing World Economy. Journal of Property Valuation & Investment. Vol. 9(3) McAllister, P., (1998). Globalisation, Integration and Commercial Property. Evidence from the UK. Journal of Property Investment and Finance. Vol.17 (1) Walker, A. and McKinnell, K., (1994) Economic Reform and the Future for Real Estate in the People's Republic of China. Journal of Property Valuation and Investment. Vol.13 (5), pp. 39-49 Provisional outline of dissertation Chapter 1 Introduction Background to study area Problem statement Objective of study Chapter 2 Methodology Approach to study Delimitation to study Data collection Chapter 3 Literature Review Definations and exploration of theories on globalisation and economic growth Characteristics of globalisation and economic growth Characteristics of the property market Historical factors that influenced the demand for and the supply of real estate Chapter 4 Case Study, Data Collection and Findings Background of the Chinese property market Factors that governed the

Entrepreneurial Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurial Finance - Essay Example ing the relevant external and internal elements which are involved in new business startups it answers the questions such as where the organization stands right now, which direction is it going in and how to get there. It acts as a resume for any proposed business and is usually created to explain the vision and entrepreneur has for his business. A business plan is read by investors, employees, bankers, venture capitalists, customers, suppliers and advisors. Every stakeholder has a different perspective and interest in the business and so the content and focus of a business plan depends upon who is going to read it. For a profit organization, a business plan typically focuses on the financial goals such as profits. It comprises of the industry dynamics, company’s vision and mission, the resources required to run the business, the amount of capital needed, the sources of capital, the production and marketing plan and the pro forma financial statements to determine the expected profitability of the company over time. In short, it is a complete document consisting of all the information related to a business. A business plan is valuable not only to an entrepreneur, but to potential investors or even the new personnel who want to familiarize themselves with the venture, its goals and objectives. Following are three major roles of a business plan: The financial assessment of a business is an important activity which must be carried out on a continuous basis. It is done to identify if the business is solvent, that is, if its assets exceeds its debt and thus making the business capable of paying to all its creditors on time. Secondly, it helps entrepreneurs of investors to estimate the equity value of the company at any given point in time. A business is considered a financial success if it meets the following criteria: The financial plan of a business is the section in the business plan which determines if the new business venture is viable or not, or if it would be

MacDonald Triad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MacDonald Triad - Essay Example Research evidences suggest that fire setting behaviour in childhood can be linked to release of frustration or anger, which has well been recognized as potential reasons of homicidal tendency. Criminal psychologists point out that many murderers engage in animal cruelty to get courage for harming their human rivals. Like the case of fire setting in childhood, children use to engage in animal cruelty as a way of expressing their anger and or frustration. Children consider animals as weaker and vulnerable segments and hence they enjoy a wild pleasure by torturing animals. Later, those children gain power over humans and gradually this behaviour turns to violent offenses. This theoretical concept has been supported by many scholars. â€Å"Studies have found that those who engaged in childhood acts of animal cruelty used the same method of killing on their human victims as they did on their animal victims† (RTBot, 2012). In a study conducted among 45 violent offenders by McClellan (2008), it was found that nearly 56% of them had engaged in animal cruelty during childhood. It clearly indicates the notable relationship between animal cruelty and late violent behaviors. Similarly, some scholars are of the view that a child may develop frustration if he/she was punished for unintentional bedwetting during sleep and this mental state would eventually lead to violent behavior. An additional strength is that many studies could prove a close link between fire setting and animal cruelty in childhood. According to these findings, there are many common causes for obsession with fire setting, animal cruelty, and violent behaviors. The major weakness of this model is that statistical studies do not indicate a strong link between the triad and violent offenders. Some researchers argue that the three behaviors linked to violent tendencies by MacDonald may be simply resulted from parental neglect and

Noise at workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Noise at workplace - Essay Example People play music in high volume and dance whether one is sitting at concerts or in a party or at homes. Most of the people are exposed to high pitch of music without any concern that it may cause detrimental effects to their hearing ability. Manufacturing unit is one of the worst places where usually one exposes to noise for quite a long period – mostly all eight hours of the shift. That noise is torturous and debilitating for the health of workers. Noise is measured in decibels and often it is found at a very high level exceeding 85 dBA– the threshold limit prescribed by OSHA. Manufacturing units particularly process and chemical industries where steam is used in the process has its own typical noise emanating without any break. Tools and tackles continue to throw varied and shrill noise that not only affects hearing but mental health too. Drivers who drive heavy trucks and huge trolleys to transport goods from one place to another are continuously exposed to the engine noise. That noise is often found to be at high levels and damages the hearing in the long run. At work places, it is recommended to use ear muffs or earplugs. Ear muffs cover entire outer ear blocking entire ear canal. Earplugs fit into the outer ear canal. They are easily available in variety of shapes and sizes at local pharmacies to fit into the ears of each

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Research Paper Example Free radius is configured according to requirements based on functions. On the internet world, FreeRadius is most reliable solution for cyber crimes as it has multiple ways of solution against cyber crimes. Most significant use of Free Radius as a security program is for the specialized Wi Fi networks. FreeRadius users do not require any hardware or specific interface; instead they only need to have user name and password registered by the FreeRadious. In a company, employees use the certificates of given access for the company’s database and network. Time and cost are important constraints in securing the company’s network. Cost includes the purchase of hardware and other expenses of securing the network. FreeRadius is free software, which does not require an additional cost. It produces its own security certificates and compatible for all protocols used (Urpi, 13). Plenty of Linux flavor exist there and provide ways to take control of the PCs. Some of the Linux distributions are designed for easier of use of beginners. Distribution is fashioned around the Linux Kernel that varies in its functions and forms. Linux Kernel is portable that runs on the array of CPU and other devices including the Compaq iPAQ, IBM S390 and IBM Linux (Sterling, 67). Creation of Linux distribution is an intimidating task for a scratch product. Process of creation of Linux distribution involves a tool chain for a root file system and also a buildup of the Kernel. Building the proper tools requires the follow up of the simple steps (Sally). Most of IT professionals argue that Ubuntu is a top distribution in Linux. Even those who use other than Ubuntu call it a powerful distribution as things work correctly. Fedora is considered the alternative of the Ubuntu as Red Hat community always prioritized the server based features than desktop enhancements. Linux Mint shares many features of Debian and Ubuntu distributions. Linux Mint is another fine option for the Linux

The worlds scariest virus of all viruses Research Paper

The worlds scariest virus of all viruses - Research Paper Example Viruses are the smallest existing microorganisms which may be made up of either DNA or RNA as their means of storing genetic information. They only survive and replicate inside host cells like those of humans and even animals. This paper is aimed at examining the list of top viruses that have proven deadly in the world today and even in the recent years. It also explains in brief the predisposing factors that favor the survival of these viruses, their effects in human bodies and the general effect of them in the world. Some of the viruses discussed, in order of their deadliness, include the Human Immune-deficiency virus, Ebola virus and the Rotavirus. This listing method may vary from one state to another, depending on epidemiology and environmental conditions of the state. The impact of these viruses on the working economy of the world is also analyzed, given the increasing trend in occurrences of viral diseases. Introduction What would one say or think is the world’s number one killer of human beings today? Would they think its war, automobile accidents, or maybe even cancers? If one were to assume those answers, then that would be completely wrong. This paper the will try to prove that the deadliest things to mankind are viruses. In this paper, the author will list the top three killers of all times, specifically the number one deadly virus known to us as HIV. This paper will go into deep detail of the number one virus and its effects on the human being’s body. ... The virus is introduced into the human body through various ways, including sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and congenital transmission from mother to child (WHO, 2013). Once the virus has established itself, it survives and thrives killing the mentioned cells, damaging the infected person’s immunity and leaving them more at risk of acquiring infections. Once the virus has destroyed one’s immune system, the person is left vulnerable to secondary infections and other opportunistic diseases. The majority of people infected with HIV develop AIDS at later stages of the virus progression. Once a patient has AIDS, tumors, and a number of infections, which are controlled by the CD4+ T helper cells, begin to manifest. Predisposing Factors There are various predisposing factors for the virus to establish itself in the body and cause a disease. Those at risk of contracting the disease are drug users who use needles to inject themselves, those who have multiple sex partners, and practice unprotected sex. Infants who are born to mothers who are infected by the disease are also at risk of contracting the virus. Once infected, the virus can last for even ten years before the clinical signs appear. This makes it more dangerous as one can continue transmitting the virus to others unknowingly. The clinical presentation of the resultant disease varies, depending on the person’s nutritional status and their immunity, from one person to another. The clinical signs include fever, fatigue, diarrhea, muscle pains, rashes and sores in the body, and headaches among others. To show the presence of the virus in the body, antibodies against the virus, which are produced in case the virus invade the body, are detected

How Do Floods Occur Essay Example for Free

How Do Floods Occur Essay When floods develop, the places in which they do so are called water sheds. These water sheds can be either man made or they can be natural. A watershed is defined as an area that is between a land mass and a water source. A watershed can be a lake or a river. If this particular watershed is working appropriately, then the water should be drained into the ground naturally. However, if there is too much snowfall or rainfall, then the watershed cannot hold so much water and this results in overflowing of the water. However, when we are talking about the water sheds it is just not a small quantity of water but we are talking about huge volumes. So, a lot of water can actually drown an entire city. A combination of rains and excessive water can form the perfect recipe for a flood. When it rains the water levels constantly rise up and the rivers or lakes that act as water sheds cannot hold anymore water and so they also start overflowing and this results in a major flood. Even humans are some of the contributing factors to a flood actually. With so much development in the form of roads, infrastructure and buildings, there is very left ground left. So, there is no mud left for absorbing the water that comes in the form of rainfalls. If there are drains available, then the waters naturally flow into the drains and then led to the sea. However, when the drains are full due to continuous rainfall, then the cities get flooded.

Self Efficacy Among Academically Low And High Achievers

Self Efficacy Among Academically Low And High Achievers The present study aims to assess the relationship of mindfulness with self-efficacy among academically low and high achievers as Confidence and belief in achieving goals is a good predictor of success. Mindfulness is an inherent state of consciousness that differs among individuals for a variety of reasons and that can be changed by individual. The definition of mindfulness points out that it is the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment (Kabat-zinn, 2003). It is considered a capacity available to everyone, although individuals differ in their tendency to be mindful (Brown Ryan, 2003) When students can learn to be fully present they can increase the quality of their learning performance by being more focused and become better able to deal with stressful situations and through their increased learning they can achieve considerably high grades (Langer, 1993). When a student is mindful he/she becomes able to approach learning situations from a novel perspective while drawing upon previously learned material. They can learn the material and are better able to relate it with their previous knowledge (Langer, Hatem, Joss, Howell, 1989) Mindfulness is an element of consciousness that is characterized by a heightened state of awareness in which an individual is attentive to being in the present moment. This enhanced attention to and awareness of current experience or present reality has been shown to be associated with enhanced self-awareness, self-regulated behaviors, and positive emotional states. (Brown, Kirk Richard, 2003) Attention plays a role in a students life to achieve high grades if they pay proper attention at the appropriate time. To be in a state of mindfulness in reference to academics we mean conscious awareness in which the individual is aware of the context and content of information. Increasing mindful awareness can deepen and broaden the understanding of the context and content of the subjects. Attention is a complex construct and is related to a variety of cognitive processes (e.g., perception, memory, planning, and speech) (Mirsky, Fantie, Tatman, 1995; Zimmerman Leclercq, 2002). Because of its centrality in the education it is of significant importance. The individual have tendency and opportunity to continually process information from various perspectives and it helps in increasing levels of creativity and knowledge. When students use mindfulness in their learning processes they utilize creativity, experience cognitive flexibility and are thus able to better use information and retain that information for a longer period of time (Langer, Hatem, Joss, Howell, 1989; Thornton McEntee, 1995). More recent studies in education have revealed a sharp increase in memory and creativity for mindful treatment groups (Langer, 1997). It has been observed that mindful learners are more mentally present and active (Langer, 1993). They plan what they will learn and the strategies they will use and they control and self-regulate their learning. As readers, they use strategies to organize, elaborate on, and evaluate text (Paris, Wasik, Turner, 1996). They integrate what they learn in school texts with their personal experiences to actively construct their own meanings and ideas and to use them in flexible ways. For the reasons that they are more constructive and give meanings to world according to their understandings thats why they are considered to be more real and are original thinkers. More mindful individuals are generally perceived as being more genuine than less mindful individuals and this has been shown to increase positive effect (Langer Moldoveneu 2000). Attention is the foundation of better retention of information and better cognitive functions in our life style (Cooley Morris, 1990), where multitasking has become the norm. Children also are multitasking as they face information overload due to watching hours of television, playing video games, surfing on internet, doing their home works and preparing for their exams etc. Developmental research indicates that childrens attention to specific information depends upon the importance they place on the information and that children in later stages of development are better able to logically control their selective attention (Wright Vliestra, 1975). In a study of mindfulness practice by Richart and Perkins (2000) in the classroom and took an example of a math lesson from a traditional didactic instructional classroom and a mindful constructivist classroom where students had more freedom to explore answers on their own. Second grade students were given the following problem: There are 26 sheep and 10 goats on a ship. How old is the captain? 88% of the students from the traditional classroom setting answered 36. Not one student commented that the question did not make any sense although they averaged in the 85th percentile on the tests. In contrast nearly a third of the students in the more mindful constructivist classroom questioned the sense of problem. (p29) In order for children to learn in the classroom they must be able to focus their attention. Mindfulness affects the grades in such a way that if the student present in the class is not paying attention to the lecture being delivered, then the understanding of the syllabus will not be as easy as it wouldve been had he/she been paying attention hence clearing concepts and asking questions to understand the confusions hence mindfulness is necessary for achieving academic achievements. The more mindful the student in the class, the better is his achievement. In one of the studies by Langer, Hefferman, Keiester, (1988) mindfulness in the workplace showed increase in creativity, decreased burnout and greater enjoyment of tasks Researchers in social psychology have also found benefits of mindfulness in a range of areas including increased creativity, increased productivity in the workplace (Park, 1990), increased attention (Langer Bodner, 1995), greater liking of a task (Langer et al., in press), and use a lot of effective learning methods (Langer Piper, 1987; Langer, Hatem, Joss, Howell, 1989; Langer, 1997). Education is an area that often seems to prosper in mindlessness. Traditionally, children have been taught to memorize course content and view what is being offered in the classroom from the teachers perspective. Children need to make sense of what they learn instead of solely memorizing facts. In the educational context other mindful manipulations have involved asking students to make material more meaningful for themselves, compared to groups asked to memorize it (Lieberman Langer, 1997). As students memorize most of the things that they do not understand. They do not pay attention to clear their concepts and just learn it by rote. As we know that material learned by rote memory has no personal meaning. Many problems are not solved because many students think in automatic and habitual ways. This automatic mode of thought is called mindlessness. The cost of mindless thinking is significant because it limits our ability to make good decisions (Langer, 1997) As discussed earlier that the mindful students retained the information better, for a longer period of time and was able to utilize it in more creative ways. Perspective should be taken into consideration because it brings out better performance (Lieberman Langer, 1997). Almost all of the facts most of people learned in school were taught to us in a perspective-free way that encourages mindless use of the information because it does not occur to us to question it again. In contrast, information presented in the mindful, perspective-taking condition was learned better by high school students, even though they had to deal with more information. In this way mindful teaching practices can have a mark effect on student learning and it also shows that students who learn mindfully can retain the information better. Individuals develop patterns of stress response from birth through continued interaction with the environment. Young (1995) acknowledges that educators today recognize that students are suffering from stress in very different ways than a decade ago. The literature indicates that children are under a great deal of external pressure both at home and in school, resulting in many of the same physiological symptoms of distress as adults (Miller McCormick, 1991). While much of the research on children and stress was conducted two decades ago, available research indicates that environmental stress negatively affects children. In a study seven and eight year olds were studied for two to four years, researchers found that increase in stressful life events were related to decrease in ratings of academic performance, though unrelated to ratings of social behaviors (Kiselica, Baker, Thomas Reedy 1994). Mindful teachings and mindful learning by the students can decrease this stress. Academic achievement Academic achievement is defined as excellence in academic disciplines, in class. Loe Fieldman, (2007) define academic performance as ones ability to complete class work and homework and they define academic underachievement as problem in learning and applying knowledge including earning poor grades. As this study is in Pakistani perspective so we first need to know the Pakistani educational system. There are two main types of schools in Pakistan government and private. In both school types, almost always, the formal education system comprises of 5 years of primary, 3 years of middle, 2 years high (Metric/GCSE) and 2 years of higher secondary schooling (FA/FSc. O level/A level). While similar in their educational structures, the two school-types differ in terms of financing and regulation. Public schools are schools that are provided by state and federal funding. Schools are heavily dependent on the state, although in recent years the system has become considerably decentralized and responsibility for the delivery and management of education has shifted to the districts. The government provides free education till primary although government primary schooling is mandated to be tuition-free and there are nominal fees in middle and high school. Most of the Government schools are single-sex schools (exceptions occur when schools are coeducational up till primary after which they be come single-sex). (Monazza, 2009) Some of the major problems faced by public schools include limited financial resources, poor quality of content and a greater demand for education amongst parents of school-aged children. Pakistans public schools are overcrowded and underfunded. In Public schools classes are often overcrowded. As Class size is a factor that can cause various difficulties in understanding the lecture. The smaller the class size, the more attention each individual student will receive. In a smaller class, child will get personal attention (Grace, 2007). Class size effect the attention student seeks from the teacher as well as he pays in understanding the concepts. Sometimes due to larger class size, students cannot see the blackboard. They then lose their interest in the lecture being delivered, get engaged in gossips with their friends and other activities. And so by wasting their precious time their grades in class gradually decrease. Another reason is that in our schools generally is no concept of s eats rotation due to which the pupils who are less competent always try to sit at the back rows of the class. They become habitual back benchers and the ones who are more competent and capable always try to grab seats in the front rows. As a result teachers pay more attention to them, consequently making them able to remain attentive and engaged in class lessons and activities resulting in higher grades. Since learning is more personal and responsibility is more on the shoulders of the students, education requires students to monitor and regulate their own learning. In order to achieve goals students should have mindfulness i.e. paying attention to the studies and self-efficacy beliefs that will lead to achievement of goals. Students can help themselves by focusing more on what they are studying and it would lead enhance their learning performance/meaningful learning and hence they can better deal with stressful situations. Self-efficacy on the other hand involves confidence in achieving goals and it also in return helps decrease academic stress. Students perceptions of their abilities contribute to their self-esteem, confidence and ultimately to the level of motivation towards their studies are related to educational achievement. Attention is related to motivational processes (Parasurman, 1998; Zimmerman Leclercq, 2002). When student is motivated they will form beliefs about what they can do and set goals for themselves and hence pay more attention to their studies and will eventually lead to academic achievement. Self-efficacy suggests to peoples beliefs about their abilities to perform a task successfully at selected levels (Bandura, 1986, 1997). It influence the choices one makes and the courses of action one performs and so Self efficacy can also be explained as a belief in ones capabilities to organize and perform the tasks required to deal with the future situations (Bandura, in press, p. 2). These beliefs of personal proficiency effect behavior in several ways. Individuals typically select tasks and activities in which they feel capable and avoid those in which they do not. Students who are confident in their ability to manage, perform, and regulate their task performance at a designated level of competence are representing high self- efficacy. The construct of self-efficacy helps in explaining the findings that the behavior of individuals is not always perfectly predicted from their capability to complete a specific task but how a person believes they will perform is often more importa nt. According to Bandura academic self-efficacy is grounded in self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977). According to this theory, it is an individuals self-confidence in his/her ability to manage and carry out a given course of action to resolve a problem or achieve a task (Eccles Wigfield, 2002, p. 110). Academic self-efficacy refers to ones belief that one can successfully achieve at a designated level on an educational task or get a specific academic goal and it is positively related to academic achievement (Bandura, 1997; Eccles Wigfield, 2002; Elias Loomis, 2002; Gresham, 1988; Linnenbrink Pintrich, 2002; Schunk Pajares, 2002). Self-efficacy theory suggests that academic self-efficacy may differ in strength as a function of problem solving. Some individuals may believe they are most efficient on difficult tasks, while others only on easier tasks. Ones self-efficacy has a great influence over ones choice of action, the kind of effort one spends, and how much one is able to keep that effort in the face of difficulty (Bandura, 1986, 1997; Schunk, 1995). Thus, self-efficacy beliefs have been found to influence students approach, their academic grades, their engagement in an activity, and how planned they may be while doing a task (Pajares Johnson, 1996; Pajares Miller, 1994, 1995). Therefore, Self-efficacy is supposed to effect performance via the influence on task perception. Each task achievement is assessed as a threat or a challenge, and persons with high self-efficacy beliefs are more likely to evaluate the tasks as a challenge (Chemers, Hu, and Garcia, 2001; Lazarus and Folkman, 1984; Pintrich and De Groot, 1990). That is, the degree to which a person feels confident about his or her capability to handle a given situation affects whether a certain task is supposed as stressful or threatening, rather than as a challenge. When a task is assessed as a challenge, one is more likely to select an effective coping strategy and to carry on the task. Self-efficacy also influences performance, confidence and self belief. Individuals with high self-efficacy practice challenging targets (Locke Latham, 1990), do their best, search for new solutions, and carry on in difficult task; this behavior leads to the improvement of actual ability and to goal achievement (Tuckman Sexton,1992). On the other hand, individuals with low self-efficacy practice lower levels of performance. Doubt and uncertainty during task performance weaken their concentration, and they give up easily when faced with difficult tasks. This process adversely affects the development of actual ability, which is reflected in lower achievement (Tuckman Sexton, 1992). A research suggests that high self-efficacy produces a feeling of calmness when approaching difficult tasks while low self-efficacy may result in an individual perceiving a task as more difficult than reality, which, in turn, may create anxiety, stress and a narrower idea on how best to approach the resolving of a problem or activity (Eccles, 2005). Students self-efficacy beliefs also seem to be considerably associated to the stress and their academic performance (Lane Lane, 2001). Therefore, lesser the stress better will be the performance and more a student will be motivated and more the stress the poor will be the performance and student will be less motivated. Moreover researches show that self-efficacy beliefs have positive effects on student motivation and achievement (Pintrich De Groot, 1990; Zimmerman, Bandura Martinez-Pons, 1992; Pajares Miller, 1994). Self-efficacy beliefs can determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave. Consequently motivation is improved when students recognize that they are making improvement in learning or feel they are competent enough of handling the task. In turn, as students make effort to do the tasks and become more  skillful they develop a sense of self-efficacy for performing well (Schunk, 1991). Self-efficacy beliefs play a key role in the self-regulation of mot ivation (Bandura 1994). According to Bandura, people motivate themselves and they form beliefs about what they can do, they set goals for themselves and plan courses of action designed to understand valued futures. Individuals who have a high sense of self-efficacy for accomplishing a task work harder and persist longer when they come across difficulties, whereas those who do not feel efficacious may give up or avoid a task (Schunk 1991). . Those who are more competent seem to set higher performance goals, get rid of faulty strategies more quickly, find out solutions in the face of difficulties and work more accurately than those with lower efficacy. Students who are confident in their capability to organize and achieve task performance are showing high self- efficacy. Whereas, students who are uncertain about their ability to successfully complete a task often participate less readily, do not work as hard, and give up quickly when faced with difficulty. Due to repeated failures in the classroom, it was hypothesized that students may feel that they cannot adequately perform certain behaviors and tasks to achieve a desired outcome. The resultant negative outcome may be lower academic self-efficacy. (Bong Skaalvick, 2003; Eccles Wigfield, 2002; Elias Loomis, 2002; Gresham, 1988; Schunk Pajares, 2002; Wentzel, 1999). However, negative self-efficacy could also disappoint a student and cause a student to fail in their personal or professional activities. Thus, students may face stress which may negatively impact academic achievement. Self-efficacy and stress are closely related concepts. According to a research by Zajacova, Lynch Espenshade investigates the joint effects of academic self-efficacy and stress on the academic performance. The survey was used as an instrument to measure the level of academic self-efficacy. The results suggest that academic self-efficacy is a more healthy and consistent predictor than stress of academic success. Self-efficacy is a better predictor of academic success than stress. Studies suggest that both academic stress and self-efficacy have some effect on academic outcomes, and there is some evidence that self-efficacy may be a better predictor (Pintrich and De Groot, 1990). Self efficacy and stress joint influence as determinants of academic success in schools/college. In a study by Hackett, Betz, Casas, and Rocha-Singh, (1992) identified both stress and academic self-efficacy as predictors of good grades. Good grades were associated with low perceived stress and high self-efficacy. In case of education, self-efficacy is seen to be related with effort, persistence and achievement. In one of the research by Chemers, Hu Garcia (2001), shown that children with higher self-efficacy strived for longer periods and used more useful problem solving strategies than students with lower self-efficacy. Therefore, self-efficacy changes the way a student works in order to get good grades and becomes more experienced and accurate about getting good grades in class and they keep on comparing themselves with their peers. Furthermore, classrooms that allow for extensive social comparisons (with the performance of other students) tend to lower self-efficacy of students whose performances are viewed as deficient when compared to others. People with low self-efficacy may believe that things are tougher than they really are, a belief that promote stress, narrow vision of how best to solve a problem. High self-efficacy, on the other hand, helps to create feelings of calmness in approaching difficult tasks and activities. As a result, self-efficacy beliefs are strong determinants and predictors of the level of achievement that individuals finally attain. The relationship between gender and self efficacy has also been a focus of the previous researches. It is assumed that Girls often outperform than boys. However, it is reported that males are tend to be more confident than females in academic areas related to mathematics, science and technology despite the fact that achievement differences in these areas are diminishing (Fuller, Hua Snyder, 1994). While in areas related to language, arts both male and female students exhibits similar confidence and this is also a truth that girls typically are high achievers (Pajares, in press) Keeping the above literature in view the rationale behind this research is to find the relationship between mindfulness and self efficacy among academically low and high achievers. There are a number of factors that may affect students achievement. These may include personal characteristics such as confidence in their abilities and attention they pay while studying. Confidence and belief in achieving goals is a good predictor of success. An increased academic self-efficacy may encourage the students confidence in utilizing his/her abilities to understand the course content, and achieve high grades. Simultaneously being mindful in the classroom can increase students ability to keep their attention which increases learning and academic performance. Moreover study will also allow the readers to understand that high achieving students might have different motivation to study than low achievers and that they are able to organize their study materials and study habits more efficiently. Act ive and independent engagement in the learning process might be more favorable to achievement than a passive and instructor dependent one. Although a lot of work is done on self efficacy and mindfulness in the education field but the lack of research in reference to Pakistan provided a rationale for examining the relationship between mindfulness and self efficacy. The research also investigates that which of these factors are characteristics of high-achieving and low-achieving students in the hope that the outcomes can be utilized to enhance student performance in the future. HYPOTHESES On the basis of the literature review the hypotheses formulated are: There exists a positive/significant correlation between mindfulness and self-efficacy among students. Students who are academically high achievers will perform high on mindfulness and self efficacy as compared to academically low achievers. Method The present study was conducted to find out the Relationship between mindfulness and self-efficacy among academically low and high achievers Participants In the present study convenient sampling technique was used. The sample consisted of 70 students out of which 35 were girls and 35 were boys within the age range of 13 -16 studying in 9th and 10th grades at government schools. Co relational research design was used. Inclusion criteria The participants selected for the research were low and high achievers. Above 70% were considered as high graders and below 50% were considered as low graders. Girls who were above 70% were taken as high achievers and boys who were below 50% were taken as low achievers. The students of age ranging from 13-16 years were included in the study. The sample was collected from government schools to maintain the consistency. Exclusion criteria Students who were average i.e. between 50% 70% were excluded from the study. Also girls below 70% and boys above 50% were excluded from the study. Students suffering from any physical and mental disability to answer were also not part of the study. Instruments The data was gathered by the use of the mindfulness based self efficacy scale and Toronto mindfulness scale. Demographic data sheet Demographic questionnaire (see appendix C) was designed by the researcher for this study to provide descriptive information about the participants name(optional), age, gender, grade, school, hobbies, their grades in last class, their personal evaluation of grades and their participation in co curricular activities and in sports. Academic achievement The academic achievements of the child were screened through his/her examination record in the previous class. Academic achievement was accessed in form of grades that student got. The divisions of grades according to the percentages are given below: Grade A Above 70% Grade B 60-70% Grade C 50-60% Grade D 40-50% Mindfulness Based Self Efficacy Scale (Cayoun Freestun 2004) Self efficacy was measured by mindfulness based self efficacy scale (See Appendix D) The MSES is a 35-item scale and consists of 7 subscales of self efficacy, each containing 5 items. Behavior (items 1, 8, 15, 22, 29), Cognition (items 2, 9, 16, 23, 30), Interoception (items 3, 10, 17, 24, 31), Affect (items 4, 11, 18, 25, 32), Interpersonal (items 5, 12, 19, 26, 33), Avoidance (items 6, 13, 20, 27, 34), Mindfulness (items 7, 14, 21, 28, 35). To calculate self-efficacy, 18 items must be scored in reverse. These are: 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35. High scores indicate high self efficacy and low scores indicate the low levels of self efficacy. The cronbachs alpha reliability of the scale was 0.71. There was no cultural bias item in the questionnaire. This scale is valid and reliable. Participants were asked to evaluate their perception of self-efficacy on a 5-point Likert-type scale (0= not at all, 4=completely). The estimated time to complete the instrument was 10-15 minutes approximately. Scale was administered in English. No special permission was taken from the researcher as questionnaire was easily available on internet. Toronto mindfulness scale (Lau, Bishop, Segal, Buis, Anderson, Carlson, Shapiro, Carmody, Abbey, Devins, 2006) Toronto mindfulness scale (TMS) (See Appendix D) consists of 13-items. This instrument has two-factors Curiosity and Decentering. For the curiosity score following items are summed 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13. For the Decentering score following items are summed 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11. All items were written in positively keyed direction. The cronbachs alpha reliability of the scale was 0.72. The items of Factor 1 (Curiosity) reflect an attitude of wanting to learn more about ones experiences e.g. I was curious to see what my mind was up to from moment to moment .The items of Factor 2 (Decentering) reflect a shift from identify personally with thoughts and feelings to relating to ones experience in a wider field of awareness e.g. I was aware of my thoughts and feelings without over identifying with them. Each item was rated on 5 point likert scale (0=not at all, 4=very much). The estimated time to complete the instrument was 8-10 minutes. Questionnaire was easily available on internet. There was no cultural bias item in the questionnaire. Scale was administered in English and is a reliable and valid scale. Procedures Before starting the data collection, a pilot study was conducted on a sample of 7 students. It was done to check the reliability and validity of the instruments and to determine the time needed to complete the instruments to assess the self efficacy and mindfulness in students by the researcher. The results of the present study indicated that the reliability of MSES was .71 (See Appendix E) and the reliability of the TMS was .72 (See Appendix E). This indicated that the scales are reliable. After doing the pilot study the data was collected from 35 girls and 35 boys. The research was conducted in F.G Girls Public High School Lalazar, F.G Girls High School No 2 Iqbal Road and F.G Technical School for Boys. All the schools were taken from Rawalpindi. Participation was voluntarily and data was collected in the classrooms. After the approval of the principal students were contacted. Participants were then provided with a consent form (see appendix A). In order to participate in the study it was required that they confirm consent by signing it. After participants agreed to the consent form, instructions were provided followed by an administration of both the MSES and TMS scales. Data collection was completed in about six or seven days. Average time taken by an individual was 20-25 minutes. It took about 30-35 minutes in each class due to instructions given to children, in distribution and collection of questionnaires. A little difficulty was faced by the students to comprehend the questions like I was more invested in just watching my experiences as they arose. Than in figuring out what they could mean. But later on it was resolved by the researcher. The data was analyzed with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS Version 13.0). For the purpose of analyzing Pearson correlation was used. And to see the difference of low and high achievers regarding variables of self efficacy and mindfulness in data independent sample t-test was applied. Results The study was conducted to find out the relationship between self efficacy and mindfulness among low and high achievers. A sample of 70 students (both girls and boys=35) within age range of (13-16). The sample was collected from 3 government schools of Rawalpindi and questionnaires were administered. Then the data collected was analyzed with statistical package for social sciences (SPSS Version 13.0). Descriptive statistics were computed for demographic characteristics of the participants. For this purpose Pearson correlation was used. And also to see the difference of low and high achievers regarding variables of self efficacy and mindfulness in data independent sample t-test was applied. Cross tabulation was also applied on the academic achievement of the students according to the ranges of self-efficacy. Table 1 Frequency and Percentage of participants according to demographic variables of gender, age, grade and academic achievement (N=70) Variable Label Frequency(f) Percentage (%) Gender Girl